| "A company’s product has an expected 4-year life cycle from research, development, and design through its withdrawal from the market. Budgeted costs are" | |
|---|---|
| Upstream costs (R&D, design) | $2,000,000 |
| Manufacturing costs | 3,000,000 |
| Downstream costs (marketing, distribution, customer service) | 1,200,000 |
| After-purchase costs | 1,000,000 |